Heart of Palm Use: A Family Survey

Scott Zona, Ph.D.
Palm Biologist
Chair, IUCN/SSC Palm Specialist Group

Taxa are listed alphabetically. Nomenclature of original sources updated to follow World Checklist of Palms (Govaerts & Dransfield 2005).

Genus and Species Country/Region Food/Medicine Reference Notes
Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart
-
food
Hodge 1965
As Acrocomia mexicana
Aiphanes
Ecuador
food
Barfod & Balslev 1988

Aiphanes grandis Borchs. & Balslev
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Archontophoenix
Brazil [cultivated]
food
Bovi 1998
The genus is endemic to Australia.
Arenga
Sumatra, Kalimantan
food
Dransfield 1976

Arenga brevipes Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Arenga obtusifolia Mart.
Malaysia
food
Kiew 1989

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.
Malesia (Philippines)
food
Miller 1964

Arenga undulatifolia Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Astrocaryum
Brazil & Venezuela
food
Anderson 1978

Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Mey.
Brazil & Venezuela
food
Anderson 1978; Gertsch et al. 2002
Heart is edible but "not favored" by the Yanomami of Venezuela.
Astrocaryum campestre Mart.
Brazil
food
Balick 1988

Astrocaryum chambira Burret
Peru; Ecuador
food
Mejia 1988; Macía 2004
Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart.
Venezuela
food
Gertsch et al. 2002

Astrocaryum huicungo Dammer ex Burret
Peru
food
Mejia 1988

Astrocaryum murumuru Mart.
Brazil & Venezuela
food
Anderson 1978

Astrocaryum standleyanum L. H. Bailey
Costa Rica
food
Joyal 1994

Astrocaryum urostachys Burret
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Attalea butyracea ((Mutis ex L. f.) H. Karst. ex Wess. Boer
Colombia
food
Plotkin & Balick 1984
As Scheelea butyracea
Attalea cohune Mart.
Belize
food
McSweeney 1995
As Orbignya cohune
Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart.
Brazil & Venezuela
food
Anderson 1978

Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng.
Brazil & Venezuela
food
Anderson 1978

Attalea princeps Mart.
Bolivia
food
Balslev & Moraes 1989
As Scheelea princeps
Attalea speciosa Mart.
Brazil
food
Balick 1988
As Orbignya phalerata
Bactris
Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador; Costa Rica
food
Anderson 1978; Barfod & Balslev 1988; Joyal 1994
Several species used.
Bactris bidentula Spruce
Venezuela
food
Gertsch et al. 2002

Bactris coloradonis L. H. Bailey
Costa Rica
food
Joyal 1994
As Bactris porschiana
Bactris gasipaes Kunth
Costa Rica; Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador
food
Balick 1976; Anderson 1978; Barfod & Balslev 1988; Gertsch et al. 2002; Macía 2004
Bactris recommended as a sustainable alternative to Euterpe by Balick 1976.
Batris gasipaes Kunth var. chichagui (H. Karst.) A. Hend.
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004
As Bactris macana
Bactris riparia Mart.
Ecuador
food
Macía 2004

Bactris setulosa H. Karst.
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Beccariophoenix madagascariensis Jum. & H. Perrier
Madagascar
food
Dransfield 1988; Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Overharvesting is endangering the species.
Borassodendron borneense J. Dransf.
Sumatra, Kalimantan
food
Dransfield 1972

Borassus aethiopum Mart.
Senegal
food
Sambou et al. 1992
"... the difficulties in extracting it [the heart] somewhat limit its importance as a food source."
Brahea brandegeei (Purpus) H.E. Moore
Mexico
food
Hodge 1980a
Cites historical account from 18th Century Jesuit Miguel de Barco (1706-1790) -- earliest record of palm heart use in the Americas.
Calamus
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Calamus acanthophyllus Becc.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus erectus Roxb.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus exilis Griff.
Malaysia
medicine
Kiew 1989

Calamus flagellum Griff.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus gracilis Roxb.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus guruba Buch.-Ham.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus henryanus Becc.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus hypoleucus Kurz
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001
Edible but small.
Calamus javensis Blume
Malaysia
medicine
Kiew 1989

Calamus laoensis T. Evans et al.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001
Bitter.
Calamus oligostachys T. Evans et al.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus ornatus Blume
Malaysia
medicine
Kiew 1989

Calamus palustris Griff.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus paspalanthus Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Calamus platyacanthoides E. D. Merrill
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus poilanei Conrard
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus pseudoulur Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Calamus rhabdocladus Burret
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus rudentum Lour.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus siamensis Becc.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus solitarius T. Evans et al.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001
Edible but small.
Calamus tenuis Roxb.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus viminalis Willd.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus wailong S. J. Pei & S. Y. Chen
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Calamus zollingeri Becc.
Sulawesi, Indonesia
food
Siebert 1997

Caryota
Sumatra, Kalimantan
food
Dransfield 1976

Caryota no Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Ceroxylon amazonicum Galeano
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Chamaedorea
Costa Rica
food
Joyal 1994

Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm.
Guatemala
food
Castillo Mont et al. 1994

Cocos nucifera L.
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003
Harvested from cultivated palms.
Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore
Brazil
food
Johnson 1972
Heart taken when palms cut for other purposes
Daemonorops fissa Blume
Kalimantan
food
Dransfield 1976
Usually eaten cooked.
Daemonorops
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Daemonorops brachystachys Furtado
West Malaysia
food
Avé 1986

Daemonorops geniculata (Griff.) Mart.
West Malaysia
food
Avé 1986

Daemonorops grandis (Griff.) Mart.
West Malaysia
food & medicine
Avé 1986; Kiew 1989

Daemonorops jenkinsiana (Griff.) Mart.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Daemonorops kunstleri Becc.
West Malaysia
food
Avé 1986

Daemonorops longipes (Griff.) Mart.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Daemonorops melanochaetes Blume
Sumatra, Kalimantan
food
Dransfield 1976
Food reserved for palace visitors in Solo and Jogjakarta, Java.
Daemonorops micorstachys Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Daemonorops periacantha Miq.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Daemonorops robusta Warb. ex Becc.
Sulawesi, Indonesia
food
Siebert 1997

Daemonorops spectabilis Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Daemonorops verticillaris (Griff.) Mart.
Malaysia
medicine
Kiew 1989

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum (Mart.) H. Wendl.
Bolivia
food
Balslev & Moraes 1989
This use may not be current.
Dypsis ampasindavae Beentje
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis ankaizinensis (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Heart is slightly bitter.
Dypsis baronii (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis basilonga (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis canaliculata (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003
Some Malagasy people believe this species to be toxic.
Dypsis decipiens (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis fibrosa (C.H. Wright) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis hovomantsina Beentje
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Heart has a bad odor but is edible.
Dypsis ligulata (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis madagascariensis (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis mananjarensis (Jum. & H. Perrier) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis oreophila Beentje
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis perrieri (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis pilulifera (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis pinnatifrons Mart.
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis prestoniana Beentje
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis tokoravina Beentje
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis tsaratananensis (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Dypsis tsaravoasira Beentje
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003

Dypsis utilis (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995

Eleiodoxa conferta (Griff.) Burret
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Eugeissona insignis Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Eugeissona utilis Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Euterpe catinga Wallace
Venezuela
food
Gertsch et al. 2002

Euterpe broadwayi Becc. ex Broadway
Dominica
food
Hodge 1965; Zona et al. 2003
As E. dominicana in Hodge 1965.
Euterpe edulis Mart.
Brazil, Paraguay
food & medicine
Kitzke & Johnson 1975; Plotkin & Balick 1984; Jiménez & Knapp 1998

Euterpe oleracea Mart.
Brazil; Venezuela
food
Strudwick & Sobel 1988; Gertsch et al. 2002

Euterpe precatoria Mart.
Peru; Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador; Bolivia
food
Johnson 1975; Anderson 1978; Balslev & Moraes 1989; Gragson 1992; Gertsch et al. 2002; Van den Eynden et al. 2004; Macía 2004

Euterpe precatoria Mart. var. longivaginata (Mart.) A. J. Henderson
Costa Rica; Belize
food

Joyal 1994; McSweeney 1995
As Euterpe macrospadix
Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart.
Costa Rica
food
Joyal 1994

Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart. var. interrupta
--
food
Hodge 1965
As Geonoma edulis
Geonoma pohliana Mart.
n.e. Brazil
medicine
Balick 1988

Heterospathe phillipsii Fuller & Dowe
Fiji
food
Fuller et al. 1997

Hyospathe elegans Mart.
Venezuela
food
Gertsch et al. 2002

Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pavon
Ecuador; Costa Rica; Venezuela
food
Barfod & Balslev 1988; Joyal 1994; Gertsch et al. 2002; Macía 2004
Considered edible but not tasty by the Venezuelan Yanomami.
Juania australis (Mart.) Drude ex Hook. f.
Chile
food
Endt 1996
Not used in modern times.
Korthalsia rigidia Blume
Malaysia
medicine
Kiew 1989

Licuala
Sumatra, Kalimantan
food
Dransfield 1976

Licuala boreneensis Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Licuala orbicularis Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Licuala petiolulata Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Licuala valida Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Livistona australis (R.Br.) Mart.
Australia
food
Cribb & Cribb 1981

Manicaria saccifera Gaertn.
Venezuela
medicine
Wilbert 1975

Mauritia flexuosa L.f.
Venezuela, Ecuador
food
Gragson 1992; Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Marojejya insignis Humbert
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Myrialepis paradoxa (Kurz) J. Dransf.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.
Brazil & Venezuela, Ecuador
food
Anderson 1978; Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Oenocarpus bataua Mart.
Brazil & Venezuela; Ecuador
food
Anderson 1978; Barfod & Balslev 1988; Macía 2004
Often cited as Jessenia bataua
Oenocarpus distichus Mart.
--
food
Plotkin & Balick 1984

Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst.
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004; Macía 2004

Oncosperma horridum (Griff.) Scheff.
Sumatra, Kalimantan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sarawak
food
Dransfield 1976; House 1983; Kiew 1989; Pearce 1989
Very highly esteemed (Dransfield 1976); eaten when stem has been felled for another purpose (House 1983).
Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl.
Indonesia, Sarawak
food
House 1983; Pearce 1989
Eaten when stem has been felled for another purpose (House 1983)
Parajubaea torallyi (Mart.) Burret
Bolivia
food
Balslev & Moraes 1989
This use may not be current.
Phoenix dactylifera L.
Iraq
food
Hodge 1980b
Cites Xenophon, 4th Century B.C., the first record of palm heart consumption.
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth
s. India
food & medicine
Padmanabhan & Sudhersan 1988
Overharvesting is endangering this palm.
Pholidocarpus majadum Becc.
Sarawak
food
Pearce 1989

Pholidostachys synanthera (Mart.) H.E. Moore
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Plectocomia pierreana Becc.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Plectocomiopsis geminiflora (Griff.) Becc.
Lao PDR
food
Evans et al. 2001

Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E. Moore var. acuminata
Ecuador
food
Barfod & Balslev 1988; Borgtoft Pedersen & Balslev 1990; Bonilla & Feil 1995 Cited as Euterpe chaunostachys by Barfod & Balslev and Borgtoft Pedersen & Balslev and as Prestoea trichoclada by Bonilla & Feil.
Prestoea decurrens (H. Wend. ex Burret) H. E. Moore
Costa Rica
food
Joyal 1994

Prestoea ensiformis (Ruiz & Pavon) H.E. Moore
Ecuador
food
Barfod & Balslev 1988
Cited as Prestoea sejuncta
Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H.E. Moore
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyi Becc.
New Caledonia
food
Pritchard 1995
Overharvesting in the past has reduced this species to one mature individual in the wild.
Raphia farinifera (Gaertn) Hyl.
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003
Harvested from cultivated palms.
Ravenea
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Ravenea albicans (Jum.) Beentje
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Ravenea dransfieldii Beentje
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995
Some Malagasy people believe this species to be toxic.
Ravenea lakatra (Jum.) Beentje
Madagascar
food
Byg & Balslev 2003

Ravenea robustior Jum. & H. Perrier
Madagascar
food
Dransfield & Beentje 1995; Byg & Balslev 2003
Not eaten in some parts of Madagascar.
Ravenea sambiranensis Jum. & H. Perrier
Madagascar
food
Beentje 1994; Byg & Balslev 2003
Palm heart sometimes eaten but said to be slightly bitter.
Rhapis laosensis Becc.
Laos
food
Hastings 2003

Rhopaloblaste ceramica (Miq.) Burret
New Guinea
food
Banka & Baker 2004

Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana Becc.
New Guinea
food
Banka & Baker 2004

Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O. F. Cook
Trinidad
food
Williams & Williams 1951

Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook
Trinidad, Cuba; Belize
food
Williams & Williams 1951; Hodge 1965; McSweeney 1995
As R. oleracea in McSweeney 1995.
Sabal
Belize
food
McSweeney 1995

Sabal mexicana Mart.
Mexico
food
Quero 1992

Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult. f.
s.e. USA
food
Hodge 1965

Satranala decussilavae Beentje & J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Ravololonanahary 1999

Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl.
Ecuador; Costa Rica
food & medicine
Barfod & Balslev 1988; Joyal 1994; Macía 2004

Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart.
Brazil
medicine
Plotkin & Balick 1984
Said to be somewhat bitter.
Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.
Brazil
medicine
Plotkin & Balick 1984
Said to be very bitter.
Syagrus pseudococos (Raddi) Glassman
Brazil
food & medicine
Plotkin & Balick 1984
As Barbosa pseudococos
Veitchia spiralis H. Wendl.
Vanuatu
food
Dowe 1996

Voanioala gerardii J. Dransf.
Madagascar
food
Dransfield 1992

Welfia regia H. Wendl.
Costa Rica
food
Joyal 1994
As Welfia georgii
Wettinia kalbreyeri (Burret) R. Bernal
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004

Wettinia maynensis Spruce
Ecuador
food
Van den Eynden et al. 2004; Macía 2004


Anderson, A. B. 1978.
The names and uses of palms among a tribe of Yanomama indians.
Principes 22: 30-41.
(Attalea maripa, Attalea phalerata, Astrocaryum, Astrocaryum aculeatum, Astrocaryum murumuru, Bactris, Bactris gasipaes, Oenocarpus bataua, Oenocarpus bacaba, Euterpe precatoria)

Avé, W. 1986.
The use of rattan by a Semai community in West Malaysia.
Principes 30: 143-150.
(Daemonorops brachystachys, Daemonorops geniculata, Daemonorops grandis, Daemonorops kunstleri)

Balick, M. J. 1976.
The palm heart as a new commercial crop from tropical America.
Principes 20: 24-28.
(Bactris gasipaes)

Balick, M. J. 1988.
The use of palms by the Apinayé and Guajajara indians of northeastern Brazil.
Advances in Economic Bot. 6: 65-90.
(Attalea speciosa, Astrocaryum campestre, Geonoma pohliana)

Balslev, H. & M. Moraes. 1989.
Palmeras de Bolivia. AAU Reports 20.
Botanical Institute Aarhus University, Denmark.
(Dictyocaryum lamarckianum, Euterpe precatoria, Parajubaea torallyi, Attalea princeps)

Banka, R. & W. J. Baker. 2004.
A monograph of the genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae).
Kew Bull. 59: 47-60.
(Rhopaloblaste ceramica, Rhopaloblaste ledermanniana)

Barfod, A. & H. Balslev. 1988.
The use of palms by the Cayapas and Coaiqueres on the coastal plain of Ecuador.
Principes 32: 29-42.
(Aiphanes, Bactris gasipaes, Bactris, Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata, Prestoea ensiformis, Iriartea deltoidea, Oenocarpus bataua, Socratea exorrhiza)

Beentje, H. 1994.
Ravenea in Madagascar.
Principes 38: 195-203.
(Ravenea sambiranensis)

Bonilla, D. & J. P. Feil. 1995.
Production of ramets and germination of Prestoea trichoclada (Arecaceae) - A source of palm heart in Ecuador.
Principes 39: 210-214.
(Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata)

Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & H. Balslev. 1990.
Eduadorean palms for agroforestry.
AAU Reports 23. Botanical Institute Aarhus University, Denmark.
(Prestoea acuminata var. acuminata)

Bovi, M. L. A. 1998.
Cultivo da palmeira real australiana visando à produção de palmito.
Bol. Téch. 172. Instituto Agronômico, Campinas.
(Archontophoenix)

Byg, A. & H. Balslev. 2003.
Palm heart extraction in Zahamena, eastern Madagascar.
PALMS 47: 37-44.
(numerous species of Dypsis and Ravenea, Cocos nucifera, Marojejya insignis, Raphia isignis)

Castillo Mont, J. J., N. R. Gallardo & D. V. Johnson. 1994.
The picaya palm (Chamaedorea tepejilote; Arecaceae) and its food use in Guatemala.
Econ. Bot. 48: 68-75.
(Chamaedorea tepejilote)

Cribb, A. B. & J. W. Cribb. 1981.
Useful wild plants in Australia.
Collins, Sydney.
(Livistona australis)

Dowe, J. L. 1996.
Uses of some indigenous Vanuatu palms.
Principes 40: 93-102.
(Veitchia spiralis)

Dransfield, J. 1972.
The genus Borassodendron (Palmae) in Malesia.
Reinwardtia 8: 351-363.
(Borassodendron borneense)

Dransfield, J. 1976.
Palms in the everyday life of West Indonesia.
Principes 20: 39-47.
(Oncospermum horridum, Arenga, Caryota, Borassodendron, Licuala, Daemonorops melanochaetes, Daemonorops fissa)

Dransfield, J. 1988.
Beccariophoenix madagacariensis.
Prinicipes 32: 59-68.
(Beccariophoenix madagascariensis)

Dransfield, J. 1992.
Voanioala, the forest coconut.
Principes 36: 124-127.
(Voanioala gerardii)

Endt, D. 1996.
Some observations on the growing of the chonta palm Juania australis.
Principes 40: 27-30.
(Juania australis)

Evans, T. D., K. Sengdala, O. V. Viengkham & B. Thammavong. 2001.
A field guide to the rattans of Lao PDR.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
(many taxa)

Fuller, D., J. L. Dowe & M. F. Doyle. 1997.
A new species of Heterospathe from Fiji.
Principes 41: 65-69.
(Heterospathe phillipsii)

Gertsch, J., F. W. Stauffer, A. Narváez & O. Sticher. 2002.
Use and significance of palmss (Arecaceae) among the Yanomamï in southern Venezuela.
Jour. Ethnobiology 22: 219-246.

Govaerts, R. & J. Dransfield. 2005.
World Checklist of Palms.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Gragson, T. L. 1992.
The use of palms by the Pume indians of southwestern Venezuela.
Principes 36: 133-142.
(Euterpe cf. precatoria, Mauritia flexuosa)

Hastings, L. H. 2003.
A revision of Rhapis, the lady palms.
PALMS 47: 62-78.
(Rhapis laosensis)

Hodge, W. H. 1965.
Palm cabbage.
9: 124-131.
(Acrocomia aculeata, Roystonea regia, Geonoma interrupta var. interrupta, Euterpe broadwayi, Sabal palmetto)

Hodge, W. H. 1980a.
Notes on palm use in a Spanish treasure.
Principes 24: 129-132.
(Brahea brandegeei)

Hodge, W. H. 1980b.
Some early historical references to palm cabbage.
Principes 24: 181, 182.
(Phoenix dactylifera)

House, A. P. N. 1983.
The use of palms by man on Siberut Island, Indonesia.
Principes 27: 12-17.
(Oncosperma horridum, Oncospermum tigilliarum)

Jiménez, B. & S. Knapp. 1998.
Palms of the Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú, Paraguay (Mbaracayú Natural Forest Reserve).
Principes 42: 65-79.
(Euterpe edulis)

Johnson, D. 1972.
The carnauba wax palm (Copernicia prunifera). IV. Economic uses.
Principes 16: 128-131.
(Copernicia prunifera)

Johnson, D. 1975.
Some palm products of the Peruvian Amazon.
Principes 19: 78, 79.
(Euterpe precatoria)

Joyal, E. 1994.
Palm ethnoecology in the Saripiqui region of Costa Rica.
Jour. Ethnobiol. 14: 161-172.
(many taxa)

Kiew, R. 1989.
Utilization of palms in peninsular Malaysia.
Malayan Naturalist 43(1 & 2): 43-67.
(many taxa)

Kitzke, E. D. & D. Johnson. 1975.
Commercial palm products other than oils.
Principes 19: 3-26
(Euterpe edulis)

Macía, M. J. 2004.
Multiplicity in palm uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador.
Bot. Jour. Linn. Soc. 144: 149-159.
(Astrocaryum chambira, Bactris gasipaes, Bactris riparia, Euterpe precatoria, Iriartea deltoidea, Oenocarpus bataua, Oenocarpus mapora, Socratea exorrhiza, Wettinia maynensis)

McSweeney, K. 1995.
The cohune palm (Orbignya cohune, Arecaceae) in Belize: A survey of uses.
Econ. Bot. 49: 162-171.
(Attalea cohune, Euterpe precatoria var. longivaginata, Roystonea regia, Sabal)

Mejia C., K. 1988.
Utilization of palms in eleven mestizo villages of the Peruvian Amazon (Ucayali River, Department of Loreto).
Advances in Economic Bot. 6: 130-136.
(Astrocaryum chambira, Astrocaryum huicungo, Bactris gasipaes, Euterpe precatoria, Iriartea deltoidea)

Miller, R. H. 1964.
The versatile sugar palm.
Principes 8: 115-147.
(Arenga pinnata)

Padmanabhan, D. & C. Sudhersan. 1988.
Mass destruction of Phoenix loureirii in south India.
Principes 32: 118-123.
(Phoenix loureiroi)

Pearce, K. G. 1989.
Utilization of palms in Sarawak.
Malayan Naturalist 43(1 & 2): 69-91.
(many taxa)

Plotkin, M. J. & M. J. Balick. 1984.
Medicinal uses of South American palms.
Jour. Ethnopharmacol. 10: 157-179.
(Syagrus comosa, Syagrus oleracea, Syagrus pseudococos, Attalea butyracea, Euterpe oleracea, Oenocarpus distichus)

Pritchard, P. C. H. 1995.
Pritchardiopsis lives!
Principes 39: 52, 53.
(Pritchardiopsis jeanenneyi)

Quero, H. J. 1992.
Current state of Mexican palms.
Principes 36: 203-216.
(Sabal mexicana)

Ravololonanahary, H. 1999.
The conservation status of Satranala decussilvae in the Ianobe Valley, Masoala National Park, Madagascar.
PALMS 43: 145-148.
(Satranala decussilvae)

Sambou, B., J. E. Lawesson & A. S. Barfod. 1992.
Borassus aethiopum, a threatened multiple purpose palm in Senegal.
Principes 36: 148-155.
(Borassus aethiopum)

Siebert, S. F. 1997.
Economically important rattans of central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Principes 41: 42-46.
(Calamus zollingeri, Daemonorops robusta)

Strudwick, J. & G. L. Sobel. 1988.
Uses of Euterpe oleracea Mart. in the Amazon estuary, Brazil.
Advances in Economic Bot. 6: 225-253.
(Euterpe oleracea)

Van den Eynden, V., E. Cuerva & O. Cabrera. 2004.
Edible palms of southern Ecuador.
PALMS 48: 141-147.
(many taxa)

Wilbert, J. 1975.
Geography and telluric lore of the Oronoco Delta.
Jour. Latin Amer. Lore 5: 129-150.
(Manicaria saccifera)

Williams, R. O. & R. O. Williams, Jr. 1951.
The useful and ornamental plants in Trinidad and Tobago, ed. 4.
Department of Agriculture, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
(Roystonea oleracea, Roystonea regia)

Zona, S., A. James & K. Maidman. 2003.
The native palms of Dominica.
PALMS 47: 151-157.
(Euterpe broadwayi)

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